Development of Corporate Governance-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Outline the development of Corporate Governance from the traditional approach through to the modern approach. Discuss the characteristics and principles of each approach. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is the process by which corporate organisations are monitored and administered. Corporate governance is needed for the modern organizations to maintain a balance between the organizational goals and the interest of stakeholders of the organization. After globalisation, the work environment of corporations has changed. With the increase in opportunities, the accountability of the corporation has also increased. Large corporate and even small organisations have collapsed due to the lack of proper governance. The factors that are accountable are: the motive of social welfare and their responsibility, delegation, autonomy, authority, power and other disclosure agreements and their legitimacy. The collapse of the corporations like Enron, Lehman Brothers, Robert Maxwell due to fraudulent cases are the most important and noteworthy instances (Agrawal and Cooper 2017). These collapses have shaken the roots of the respected governance bodies. The Regulations and codes of ethics have been redefined after the government has learnt the lesson because of major losses in the economy and job cuts. The scandals have made people aware of the fraudulent ways of the company standards and procedures to be checked (Solomon, 2013). The scandals Enron is a company in Houston founded established by Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling in the year 1985. It became the largest energy providing organization in USA. Later on the company expanded to Oil and natural gases division, broadband and internet connections, Electricity, water and paper trading (Agrawal and Cooper 2017). This expansion helped the company to diversify in the global international market. After the bankruptcy, the analysis revealed that the company has significant problems regarding the dealings reported on directors. Different questions were raised regarding Enrons managerial problems and corporate ethical approaches they took when they were in active business. It showed several unethical means that was employed by the organisation over the years. In 2001, the company announced a major loss and was coaxed to admit their false account and profitability information of $600 million (Fox et al .2016). The accounting method of Enron was very unethical as they presente d non-transparent financial statements. In accrual accounting method their recorded cost and revenue were also incorrect and misleading. The hidden debt, taking excessive risks, violation in formation of balance sheets, disclosure of minimal details, overstated equity and profits to engage more shareholders were the unethical approaches adopted by the organization. These helped them to hide their losses for a short period but the strategy failed. The proliferation of the company books, checks and balances were detected to be filled with unethical practises and also a major cause of the breakdown in corporations governance (Shrives and Brennan 2015). The trials in court after the companys decline highlighted major issues that were overlooked by the civil lawyers. Excessive use of power by the CEO, private undisclosed partnerships was also the cause of the Enrons fall. The Parmalet Diarys scandal was a result of a failure in the governance and accounting discrepancies in privately owned corporate entity (McAlister et al. 2016). The Italian Food companys governance failed due to the founders unethical practises. He controlled the shareholders and channelled their resources illegally. This was also done at the expense of minority shareholders resources. The monitoring and controlling process failed leading to the Parmalats crisis. The Organizational structure was at fault as both the CEO and the owner held the position of chairperson as per the codes of Parmalat Finanziaria (McAlister et al. 2016). The lack of compliance of the companys independent policy related to the controlling of shareholders interests affected the company. The monitoring structure of the companys governance framework, made the abuse of power and fraudulent activity to rise easily in that situation. A similar case can be discussed form the UK. The infamous case of Robert Maxwell and his media corporation is a perfect example of the failure in governance framework. In order to survive in the sector he adopted fraudulent practises. It was estimated that they stole 727 million Euros from the pension funds of the two public companies as well as the assets from the companies (McAlister et al. 2016). The undivided control in operation in the Maxwell Communication and governance ultimately caused the downfall of the company. The non-executive directors were involved in the function of performing independent function. The auditors were involved in providing non-transparent information of financial activities and practises. The pension fund trustees also failed to observe the money laundering activities of the companies by transferring the money from one unidentified account to another (Eling and Marek 2014). This scandal also helped in raising the issues related to corporate governance ethics and codes. It was also reasoned that leadership of the company was very much incapable of using the stewardship of the company and making it properly function under their guidance (McAlister et al. 2016). During the recession years 2008-2009, Lehman Brothers collapsed because of the reasons aforementioned (Eling and Marek 2014). The unethical business practises of the top executives in the board and auditing firms were the reason of the collapse of the company. The discrepancies in the transaction and imbalance in the balance sheet drew attention of the company. The financial information was not disclosed then. Later on, the corporation got involved in a debt of $ 613 billion where unsecured creditors in different countries owed money from them (Eling and Marek 2014). The traditional approach The corporate governance is a considerably old concept, evolving after the private organisations were established. The firms provided value of control regarding governance and ethics. Most importantly, the problem of monitoring and directing the process is one of the most important parts of governing the organisation (Akinteye et al. 2015). The traditional approach also included the overview of the agency problem; ownership and control of the large publicly held corporation were also questionable. The legislative power of the company was directed by the economic policies set by government (Zalata and Roberts 2016). Traditional approach emphasises on the models that only takes into consideration the exchange and transactions taking place in the market among the investors, customers, suppliers, employees and other groups (Larcker and Tayan 2015.). The two tier models were responsible for the being the foundation of governance structure of companies. It also takes into account the agenc y costs and transactional cost related to the financial structure of the company. It also includes the legal responsibilities of the directors as well as the shareholders legal mechanisms used in business. The corporate laws started to reform after 2004 (Shrives and Brennan 2015). The alternative models were also adopted during this time. There are two types of theoretical framework, one is of broader view and the other is of narrower view. Thus, considering all factors, the models were defined for providing a solution for the companies that wants to enter the industry. The theoretical framework of the governance structure is one of the most important part to be considered. The traditional approach to share ownership and Anglo-American corporate governance goes by the transactional and agency theory of system (Shrives and Brennan 2015). In the modern joint stock market of America, the 910 companies were included. In the perspective of UK, corporate governance was functional and the role of board of directors and owners, chief executives were defined perfectly. The focus was on the activism of the shareholders instruments. The transparency and financial reporting were there but the Financial Reporting Council did not play its part effectively (Zalata and Roberts 2016). The companies that were involved in Financial Crisis were involved in breaking the codes of ethics and illegal activities. Implementation of the European Union Audit Regulations and Directives Section C3 reviewed the changes in information that the companies started to send regarding solvency, liquidity, viability and risk management and investment changes (Akinteye et al. 2015). The scandals related to those data provided in the companys journals were wrong which later stimulated in their downfall. The structure of the corporate governance was also at fault the company. Many companies were characterised as family owned and then different kinds of features were seen in the process. The traditional approach to corporate governance is based on the agency theory, which takes into consideration the factors of financial paradigm and economic factors. The agents that are considered in this supervisions and control structure are stakeholders of the organization (Zalata and Roberts 2016). The principles that are used in this structure are the delegation of the everyday decision making system, related to the shareholders. In this theory, shareholders wealth maximisation was an important motive of building the rules of corporate governance. The managers play with egoism and are known for being short-termism according to this traditional approach that has affected the company (Akinteye et al. 2015). The reduction in shareholders welfare is known as the residual loss in this theory. Transaction cost theory, takes into account the important element of the behavioural theory and its components. The resources of the market that are used to coordinate the transaction among the companies are related costs control theory of transaction. Internalisation of the transaction related activities is of utmost importance in this regard. The bounded rationality is an essential part of this theory (Shrives and Brennan 2015). According to this theory, the managers are individuals who are opportunistic by nature. The modern approach Stakeholders theory was developed considering the individual entities. Incorporation of corporate accountability is one of the most important elements in this concept. The broad research and unified approach of this theory makes it more relevant in the current time. This research takes the best out of the traditional approach of the corporate governance as well as incorporates philosophy, ethics, political theory, economical factors and stakeholders of the organisation (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016). The commonality acknowledged in this theory is in the exchange relationship among the stakeholders. The stakeholders are shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, creditors and all the personnel directly or indirectly related to the company. The modern approach of corporate governance is of the following factors. They are supervision, cooperation and information exchange, coordination, decision-making, consulting, supervision. These significant matters are considered in this report. The task in hand is more considered in this process, emphasis is given on the situation of economic, financial, organisational, and market. There is one theory that needs to be taken into consideration in defining the modern approach, the stewardship theory (Larcker and Tayan 2015). The function of this theory is to consider the supervisory board in relation with management. The main factor that is considered in the modern approach is the motivation factor. The agent motivation was purely financial. The behavioural approach was not considered in the old age. This gave an outcome in the governance structure, which was less effective in nature. The stewardship theory talks about the control mechanisms of the individuals in situational factors. The situational factors talks about the trust, employee engagement, collectivism, power distance and collaboration needs of the company (Boreiko and Murgia 2016). This is the main contrast from the agency theory. The governance of the companies is mainly based on the guidelines of Corporate Governance given by the OECD org amended on 2004 (Larcker and Tayan 2015). This organisation dictates the basic rules of the governance structure, accountability limitations. The following is the features, which need to be considered. The key ownership functions, rights and regulations of the companies regarding their shareholders are to be decided first. Treatments should be similar for all shareholders and not based on their ownership of shares Roles are correctly defined by this process Responsibility of the companys body (Dimopoulos and Wagner 2016) The recently added feature of social welfare that is included in the corporate structure depicts that the governance must give emphasis in planning the welfare of the society. The modern approach has different views that are presented to the government. The new recommendations presented have considered different holes that have been identified from the previous mishaps in corporate governance. The Hample report, Cadbury report and Higgs report were presented based on the modernisation of the corporate governance spirit (Boreiko and Murgia 2016). Different factors involved in this new method of calculation of directors remuneration are also given in the approach. Corporate social responsibility, social welfare improvement in pension fund regulations and other rules regarding corporate governance needs to be adopted. Shareholders reports, trustees role, responsibilities, and information that need to be presented in the report and other aspects of the company should be transparent accor ding the new approach. The impact of the new approach helps in combining the codes in UK Companys directors and institutional investors relationship. Pro activism of the shareholding governance is also considered in the matter. Critical discussion in the differences among the approaches used in UK and US corporate governance The separation in the ownership and control was incorporated as an essential policy in the new approach. The companies, which was in major need of improvement learnt from the scandals that plagued the noted companies as discussed above. This also affected the economy of those countries immensely. The scandals also involved major theft in some cases. Different reports on the failure issues were presented in the federal government of USA, they presented the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 in USA after the report was submitted, Higgs report in January 2001, and Smiths Report was presented in UK around that time (Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). Lack of solid foundations in UK government officials lead the investors to believe that they can earn huge profits and this helped them earning profit after investing in technological stocks. This was a good incident that happened in the late 1990s (Akinteye et al. 2015). The unlimited liability of the investors implied that the policies were not effective regarding investments. The Limited Liability act 1855 helped the company to rip off all the shareholders to earn profits that was due for the shareholders(Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). There have been significant influences of the collapse of Giant Corporation like Enron and WorldCom, which made it necessary to redefine the possible changes in the governance structures. The Hampel Report 1998 presented in the Britain is a successor of the Cadbury report. The report is based on the regulation of directors remunerations. This also summarizes the best practises of the UK companies. The UK companies defined separate rules in their report of governance. The common rules for directors fiduciary duties, Companies act and documents 1985 and listing rules in UK are different than the US regulations, that includes the SOX act 2002 (Honor et al. 2015). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is detailed regulation listed for the companies in US and is very different from the rules of comply and explain in UK (Al-Najjar and Abed 2014). The US regulations depend on the fines, penalties and imprisonment for violating the requirements of SOX act. The securities act 2004 consists of audit, in vestigations and community requirements of the companies in UK (Armstrong et al. 2015). The committee has greater power in this regard. However, the establishments of the PCAOB (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) have the ultimate power regarding all the auditors and US security law (Bushee et al. 2013) in the country. The provisions stated in the states regulation in SOX, that there must be mandatory rotations in the audit partners but the restrictions in non-audit services. The external auditors can provide only the non-audit services. However, in US the auditors or the audit partners of the company can provide the audit and non-audit services (Bain and Band 2016). The CEO and CFOs of the company must regularly certify the reports to help the company mitigate the penalties of false credit citations or engaging in criminal activities (Zalata and Robert 2016). However, in UK the directors report must contain the statement of the directors regarding relevancy of the audit inf ormation or false information given in the report. It is criminal offense for the company to make a false statement. The US legislations contain the prohibition act effective on insider trading during the pension fund scandal that happened in the country. The board does not specify it but the companies must go by the pension part 5 of the criminal justice act 1993 or Market Abuse Regime (Elmagrhi et al. 2017). However, the rules of management report and internal audit attested that the management report given in US SOC and SEC and adoption of codes of ethics is essential but it does not have any equivalent rules in UK regulations. In UK, it is expected that the companies will maintain the minimum ethics as a matter of fact (Carberry et al. 2017). Issues in the approaches as well as the benefits For a company it is essential to incorporate corporate governance in the operations of the business. Both of the discussed regulations, SOX in US and Smith, Higgs, Cadbury, Greenburg report in UK and other reports has very important part in the corporate governance (Tricker and Tricker, 2015). The separation in the roles of CEO, CFO, chairman and board of directors have provided the companies with an advantage of taking different perspectives and thus form different viewpoints. The codes of corporate governance and ethics in other companies are strictly maintained after the scandals of the companies discussed above. The main issue in modern approach of corporate governance is, it does not identify consistency and significance in the relationships between performance of the firm and executives remuneration (Elmagrhi et al. 2017). The monitoring and the evaluation system is also given lesser emphasis in the acts that needs to be implemented. The Cadbury Act in UK does not consider the accounting standard changes that are modified after the commencements of the report (Denis 2016). The share repurchase from the shareholders are also an issue in corporate governance approach, which should be considered. These issues have been highlighted in this framework. Conclusion The constant update of the corporate governance ethics and codes of practice along methodical review of corporate governance structures are necessary to avoid downfall of companies like Enron in the future. The concept of corporate governance deals with the changes in the approach of the top level management along with the effective implementation of human resource in the company. The approach to use the penalties, fines and restrictions in case of illegal activities and breach of any contract is effective. The use of rational external auditing partners and the tight control in the internal audit members in both the countries, especially the US regulations are very essential and effective. This provides the company to safeguard the information as well as provide a transparent report. References Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., 2017. Corporate governance consequences of accounting scandals: Evidence from top management, CFO and auditor turnover.Quarterly Journal of Finance,7(01), p.1650014. Aguilera, R.V., Desender, K., Bednar, M.K. and Lee, J.H., 2015. Connecting the dots: Bringing external corporate governance into the corporate governance puzzle.Academy of Management Annals,9(1), pp.483-573. Akinteye, S.A., York, D.O. and Quat-Ullah, H., 2015. Corporate Governance Mechanism: An Investigation of the Internal Audit Function Quality in Nigerian Listed Firms.International Journal of Business and Social Science,6(1). Al-Najjar, B. and Abed, S., 2014. The association between disclosure of forward-looking information and corporate governance mechanisms: Evidence from the UK before the financial crisis period.Managerial Auditing Journal,29(7), pp.578-595. Armstrong, C.S., Blouin, J.L., Jagolinzer, A.D. and Larcker, D.F., 2015. Corporate governance, incentives, and tax avoidance.Journal of Accounting and Economics,60(1), pp.1-17. Bain, N. and Band, D., 2016.Winning ways through corporate governance. Springer. Boreiko, D. and Murgia, M., 2016. Corporate Governance and Restructuring Through Spin-Offs: European Evidence. InThe Financial Crisis(pp. 7-47). Springer International Publishing. Bushee, B.J., Carter, M.E. and Gerakos, J., 2013. Institutional investor preferences for corporate governance mechanisms.Journal of Management Accounting Research,26(2), pp.123-149. Carberry, E. and Zajac, E., 2017, January. How US Corporations Changed Executive Compensation after Enron: Substance and Symbol. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2017, No. 1, p. 15134). Academy of Management. Denis, D., 2016. Corporate Governance and the Goal of the Firm: In Defense of Shareholder Wealth Maximization.Financial Review,51(4), pp.467-480. Dimopoulos, T. and Wagner, H.F., 2016. Corporate Governance and CEO Turnover Decisions. Eling, M. and Marek, S.D., 2014. Corporate governance and risk taking: Evidence from the UK and German insurance markets.Journal of Risk and Insurance,81(3), pp.653-682. Elmagrhi, M., Ntim, C.G., Crossely, R., Malagila, J., Fosu, S. and Vu, T., 2017. Corporate governance and dividend pay-out policy in UK listed SMEs: The effects of corporate board characteristics. Fox, M.B., Gilson, R.J. and Palia, D., 2016. Corporate Governance Changes as a Signal: Contextualizing the Performance Link. Hilscher, J., Landskroner, Y. and Raviv, A., 2014. 0BThe Raymond Ackerman Family Chair 1Bin Israeli Corporate Governance. Honor, F., Munari, F. and de La Potterie, B.V.P., 2015. Corporate governance practices and companies RD intensity: Evidence from European countries.Research policy,44(2), pp.533-543. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Lee, K. and Barnes, L., 2017. Corporate Governance and Performance in Hong Kong Founded Family Firms: Evidence From the Hang Seng Composite Industry Index.The Journal of Developing Areas,51(1), pp.401-410. McAlister, D.T., Marcos, S. and Ferrell, O.C., 2016. Corporate governance and ethical leadership.Business Ethics: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders, p.56. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance,71(6), pp.2905-2932. Misangyi, V.F. and Acharya, A.G., 2014. Substitutes or complements? A configurational examination of corporate governance mechanisms.Academy of Management Journal,57(6), pp.1681-1705. Shrives, P.J. and Brennan, N.M., 2015. A typology for exploring the quality of explanations for non-compliance with UK corporate governance regulations.The British Accounting Review,47(1), pp.85-99. Solomon, J. (2013).Corporate Governance and Accountability. 4th ed. Wiley. Solomon, J.F., Solomon, A., Joseph, N.L. and Norton, S.D., 2013. Impression management, myth creation and fabrication in private social and environmental reporting: Insights from Erving Goffman.Accounting, organizations and society,38(3), pp.195-213. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Zalata, A. and Roberts, C., 2016. Internal Corporate Governance and Classification Shifting Practices: An Analysis of UK Corporate Behavior.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,31(1), pp.51-78.

Charles Goodyear Essays - Rubber, U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program

Charles Goodyear Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to Amasa and Cynthia Goodyear. Charles's father was a hardware manufacture and a merchant. Amasa Goodyear built mainly farming tools like hayforks and scythes, which he invented. When Charles was a teenager he wanted to go into the ministry and become a pastor, but his father convinced him that he was a good business man and placed him in the hardware store of the Rogers brothers in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. He worked there until he was twenty-one years old. At that time he returned to New Haven to join his father's business, making farm tools. For five years he worked for his father, building up the family business. On August 24, 1824, while he was still working for his father he married Clarissa Beecher who also lived in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1826 Charles Goodyear decided to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he opened a hardware store where he sold the products that his father made. Four years after opening this store both Amasa and Charles Goodyear were bankrupt because they would extend credit to customers and the customers would never pay back the money that they owed. Charles's health started to decline and both father and son owed tens of thousands of dollars. For the next thirty years Charles Goodyear was thrown in prison over ten times because he didn't pay his debts. In 1834 when he was in New York, on a business trip, the Roxbury India Rubber Company caught his eye. He decided to go inside the store and take a look around. While he was in the store he saw an India rubber valve on one of the products in the store. He thought that a better valve on a product of his father's might help them pay off some of their debt. He decided to make a better valve with Indian rubber. A few days later he showed it to the manager of the Roxbury India Rubber Company, who was very impressed with valve, but the manager didn't encourage it because he was afraid that Goodyear might come up with a better type of rubber that didn't melt and get sticky in the summer like India rubber did. Getting a boost of confidence when he went back to Philadelphia, he decided to start experimenting with India rubber. He did his first testing in jail, because immediately upo n his return he was put in jail for another debt. The India rubber market was beginning to fail because the rubber would melt in the summer heat, therefore it would cost him almost nothing to buy the rubber. His first try in making rubber better, he combined gum elastic with the India rubber, but when summer came his rubber reacted in the same as the India rubber. The year of 1836 Charles Goodyear had no encouraging results. With the things that he did make out of India rubber (which were failures to making a better type of rubber) they were sold to pawn shops to produce some income. Friends and family would give him money so that he could keep his rubber research going. In 1837 Goodyear devised a process in which he coated the India rubber with metal and acid (this is only part of the vulcanization process). On June 17, 1837 he got patent No. 240. In 1837 he moved to Roxbury, Massachusetts, where the India rubber business was started. The India rubber business had rebounded, but only selling limited products. There he met E.M. Chaffee, who invented India rubber and John Haskins, one of the factory managers. They saw some of his work and allowed him to rent a small portion of the factory and use their machinery. There in the winter of 1837-38 he sold shoes, piano covers, and tablecloths utilizing his new process. In winter of 1838 he met a man named Nathaniel M. Hayward who was about to patent his discovery in which he put sulfur on rubber to eliminate the stickiness of the rubber. Goodyear hired Hayward to go more in depth with the experiment using sulfur with India rubber. Jointly they discovered that if they

buy custom Feline Behavior Problems essay

buy custom Feline Behavior Problems essay Introduction: According to the Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008), there are numerous behavior issues of cats that can interfere with the special bond that exists between animal and human. Cats have been one of the oldest and the most trusted pets after dogs. The adorability, cuddliness and the warmth of cats often relates to infants, as the infants are being loved and cared the most by the pet cats. The main objective of this topic is to describe the common and some uncommon cat behavior issues, the research conducted and its analysis, with the hypothesis of receiving a positive response to appropriately train and tame the cat behavior problems. The research comprises of five to six scenarios which will initiate the problem, describing its practical evidence and provide proper remedies to overcome those issues. The entire research material is taken from the journal articles of the famous veterinary resources such as American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (2008), Pet Education by Foster Smith (1997-2011), some insights by DVM, Wayne Hunthausen (n.d.) of the Westwood Hospital, Cats International (2007), and the Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008), and Fanciers (1991) as already mentioned before. The reason behind choosing this topic is to spread awareness amongst the pet owners, SPCA society, animal beaters and kids who have pet cats with behavioral issues, and working on this topic might give the pet owners some insights which not only will improve the pet/owner relationship, as well will create a healthy and happy lifestyle for the suffering cats. The society needs to beware of the dangers of neglecting or ignoring the cat behavior issues as it could be very destructive for the entire family, especially for the kids in the family who become attached to the cuddly queen of her territory. Therefore, certain methods are being presented to teach people and family on disciplining and taming the strays and untamed cats. Overview of Cat Behavior Problems: Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) has covered the cat behavior issues in a sophisticated and precise manner. The basic principle that lies with any animal as Cindy (1991-1997) stated that no animal should be beaten or abused as it will never teach the poor animal the correct ways of life, and can only lead to timidity and fear for you. Some of the tactics that has been described by Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) have been applied in real life in order to see the difference of theory and practice. Training an untrained cat could be a hassle, but with proper understanding and following the methods described in the research, pet owners might be able to restore the pleasant and adorable cat behavior. Here are listed some of the common behavior problems in outdoor as well as indoor cats. Aggression (Play aggression, fear aggression, redirected aggression, petting-induced aggression) DVM Wayne Hunthausen (n.d.) Cat Spraying (Foster Smith, 1997-2011). Fear/Anxiety (Foster Smith, 1997-2011) Change in Activity Patters (Foster Smith, 1997-2011) Scratching and Declawing (Cats International, 2007) Litter box problems (Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Psychological stress (Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Escaping (Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Tree and Curtain Climbing(Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Biting and Chewing(Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-1997) Noise cats make when mating(Cindy Tittle Moore, 1991-197) Description of the Cat Behavior Issues: Aggression: Redirected aggression is the most common of all the four kinds of aggressions. The Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008) states that this is the aggression by a cat towards another person or another cat as a result of the inability of the attacker to get at another object of their aggression; An example would be a cat at the patio window watching a stray cat. Eventually, the patio cat would like to be possessive and get aggressive towards the stray cat and might hiss or purr in a menacing tone to scare the stray cat away. Play aggression is merely the normal activity that occurs with kittens, like hissing, spitting and pouncing at each other, and their posture is different than real fighting as stated by the Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008) and is also called interact aggression. The fear-based aggression is the presence of strangers in a room, and the reality is that cats do show fear, and due to this trait, their eyes get dilated, tucked tail, hair gets flared up and signs of resentment are being observed as being researched by Chicago Veterinary Behavior Consultants (2008). Cat Spraying: Drs. Foster and Smith (1997-2011) mentions that an inappropriate elimination is the most common behavior issue for older cats, and there are various causes for this behavior, many of them medical; medical conditions which may result in an increased frequency of urination may be the mere cause for this problem, which include: colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, kidney or liver disease, and feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). Fear /Anxiety: This factor is determined by the increased risk of losing vision; hearing, having pain and neurologic disease which can trigger fear or anxiety in cats; therapies and proper medication should be provided to the designated cat (Dr. Foster Smith, 1997-2011). Change in Activity Patterns: Studies show that some cats tend to be active at night, despite the routine change, and keep wondering in search of food or insects at home. Practically, this habit is observed in older cats as Foster and Smith (1997-2011) describes it. The best solution for this is to engage the kitty in playing or grooming before the bedtime, in order to overcome the loss of sleep and turning the sleep routine around. Scratching and Declawing Scratching is the way of filing the growing nails for the kitties. Cats International (2007) has found most feline behaviorist gone blank when inquired about cat training in saving the couch. Here, if people think about declawing, it would be one of the most inhumane act done to the speechless pets and most people discourage it. The solution does not lie performing this inhumane act, but to train the kitties, with trimming the nails with a scratch post. Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) also states that for an unwanted scratching, provide a scratch post and issue firm no!s on other items, and might want to spray some bitter orange spray in order to resent their behavior. Litter Box Problems: The issues with the litter box might be unhygienic litter boxes, uneasy access to litter box, using a different litter box, noise within the area, or an unwanted chemical used to wash the litter box are some concerns mentioned by Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997). Psychological Stress: Cats are posseessive in nature and they might like or dislike the arrival of new pets, new baby or just someone new in the house. As stated by Cindy Tittle Moore(1991-1997), the stress aroused by this can also trigger improper urination . Escaping : Most cats will try to adopt this technique as an easy getaway from training. Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) states a remedy for this is to discourage running to the door is never to let the cat succeed, by always being the first one to block or enter the door. Tree and Curtain Climbing Cats are natural tree climbers as they tend to do that more often since childhood. This is the last thing any pet owner would like to experience and call the fire department to rescue the cat. For the drapes, the cat might fall over it with the rod and might injure herself, thus try to prevent the cat by unhooking the drapes just in case someone not home as Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) advises. Biting and Chewing Biting is a common issue with cats as they play and this make it a habit. It might get very painful for the person interacting with cat in order to show his/her love and friendliness. Try to make a hurt cat sound as to discourage cats, turn around and wait for a few seconds, as a remedy stated by Cindy Tittle Moore(1991-1997). This will train the cat to be gentle and care for people in future play. Noise Cats make when mating Cindy Tittle Moore(1991-1997) has noticed that mating cats make an unbelievable amount of noise. If the cats are strayed, check with a veterinary clinic, and try to get them neutered. But if they belong to someone, let the cat owner beware of this. Methodology: The assessment of the feline behavior problems have been described as a tool in determining the respective solutions for it. The methodology used here is to address each of the issues mentioned above, and analyze their situation and coming up with an appropriate solution for it. Aggression was the first challenging situation in which was redirected, play and fear. Imagine a scenario observed by the American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (2008) in which two older cats, having gotten along quite well for many years, were now fighting, and the womans husband was not willing to keep the cats separated any longer, as it was too inconvenient. Since in this care, the owners wanted an immediate assessment of the problems and to know if something could be done to resolve this issue, which involved high risk of injury to people, the researchers told the pet owners that if they were to keep their pets, they must be willing and able to manage the environment so that risks were minimized. AVSAB(2008) came up with a solution to keep the aggressing pets and their targets separated and the pets should be introduced some behavior modification exercises like training, talking, and teaching signs. The second issue was the cat spraying. Stress can play a major role in an inappropriate elimination in cats of all ages, such as moving, changes in routine etc, loud noise and aggressive behavior of kids (Drs. Foster Smith, 1997-2011).Reducing the stressors can help cats grow out of the trouble, such as placing the cat in a quiet place when guests arrive, and placing her food and water at the same spot will make her feel relaxed in the midst of loud noise. This is the best remedy for the cat spraying problem. Fearful and anxious cats need to be tamed and trained with love. Cindy Tittle Moore (1991-1997) has come up with a solution of training your cat to perform alternate behavior with the inappropriate behavior. Buy custom Feline Behavior Problems essay

Shows that Your Kids Watch Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shows that Your Kids Watch - Personal Statement Example When Alyssa pushed the bowl and threw away her spoon, April got exasperated, scolded the little girl with her voice raised a notch, and gave her little hand a slight spanking. "That's not good, Alyssa!" she said as she cleaned up the mess that her little girl made. Then, in between sniffs, she heard Alyssa say "I hate you!" very clearly. She was shocked at what her little girl had said. She softened up a bit and asked Alyssa, "Why did you say that baby Where did you learn that" And with her round and innocent eyes looking straight into hers, the little kid answered "From TV." April was alarmed at her daughter's answer, and so was I when she told me this story. "It's impossible for her to pick up such a line from Sesame Street or Playhouse Disney," I told her. "It could be the soap operas that her nanny watches," April concluded, and we proceeded to discuss what kind of behaviors were often shown in soap operas and how the highly receptive minds of three-year-old children retain the information that they get from watching these shows. It is clearly very important that we have to choose the kind of shows that our children watch. Little children mimic what they see around them, such as the behaviors that adults around them display and expressions that they often hear.

Women in Films in 1930s Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Women in Films in 1930s - Research Paper Example All in all, women played a greater role in shaping the film industry in the early years. This is because being professionals and consumers in the field, both behind and in front of the camera, women drastically affected the American film development. Thus, the purpose of this research paper is to document how Hollywood production displayed women in the film. Under the topic, the following themes will be discussed. These are such as the representation of women in films in the early 1930s, role of women in films, portrayal of women in films in 1930s and finally, the criticism of women role in films in the 1930s. The Hollywood cinematograph often objectified women for men pleasure. As such, most of the films followed the patriarchal ideology. Hollywood representation of women was viewed as the most transgressive in the years between 1929 and 1933. Whereby, the working women were perceived as â€Å"hardboiled† as a result of their expertise in the Depression-era city. In addition to that, they were likely to choose a career and independence over marriage. In the mid 1930’s, the career women wanted both romance and a career. On the contrary, in 1939, the Hollywood women desired love more than a career and those who chose otherwise faced punishment or were derided. The cinema always portrayed the world as men dominated. In that case, the only way for women to deal with the Hollywood patriarchal system was to fight for equality. According to Mulvey (1989, p.56), the female characters in the Hollywood were represented with â€Å"to-be-looked at† and not to be heard. As such, men viewed them in two dimensions in this era. For instance, they were viewed as fetishist and whores. In that case, they were categorized into two distinct groups.

School Delinquency And Rising Problems Young People Essay

School Delinquency And Rising Problems Young People Essay School delinquency is a rising problem in our schools today. There are a large number of youth who are participating in youth delinquency in our schools. What are some of the problems that cause delinquency in our school? There are a number of reasons for this type of behavior. Poor parenting , children who are in poverty. School bullying plays a role in school delinquency. There has been large scale of gang activity in our school. There are many problems due to delinquency in our schools but it is everyones job to correct the problem. In our society we are faced with different forms of behavior, some good and some bad. The are many different view points, when it comes to how we are suppose to act. What is right and what is wrong is determined by what society except. What society dont except is wrong acts that are also called acts of deviance. Deviance is something we look at as a act that violates our social norm. To understand what is not norm you have to understand the culture of which you live in. Murder, for instance is an act of taking someones life purposely. This is an example of delinquency. An act of such is not excepted by society. In society we have laws, they are design to govern and protect us. These rules give us a guideline to how we must act. The society that we live in is full of law abiding citizens and ones who break laws regular. In our society these law breakers are not only breaking laws in the community but they are introduced to our school system Delinquent acts in our schools are committed by youth. Juvenile delinquency in our schools today has become a major problem. Our schools are not the same safe place to focus on education anymore. Some youth come to school everyday focus on education , ready to become what they are design to be in society. There are some youth who come to school just to participate in delinquent activities. There are many different reason children come to school but the problem occurs when the delinquent juvenile brings his delinquent behavior here. There are many reason that causes kids to become delinquent in our schools. Most reasons start from home. Poverty, a major influence towards delinquent behavior. Poverty is when a family lacks the basic resources that normal families use to survive. Other kids who are furnished with nicer clothes and shoes may appear to be more important to youth who dont have. Kids with more may even tease or down put youth who are not furnished with the basic goods. This type of behavior puts kids in a stressful mind frame. They deal with stress and eventually began to participate in deviant acts to try fitting in with the crowd. Kids who live in poverty are more exposed to crime. They are normally around violence and different crimes. They are exposed to law enforcement in a bad way at early ages. They grow up not trusting law enforcement or even respecting their authority figure. They suffer from bad living conditions, so their main focus is not school but basic survival. It can truly be devastat ing challenge for youth to conduct themselves in a school environment when they have this type of negative exposure. These kids suffer from many health problems , they dont have resources for good medical treatment so school cant possibly be their strong points. Social disorganization is another reason that youth act out in schools. For instance, children who were involved in a house hold with mother and father, who ended up getting a divorce is faced with a major change. Where as both parents being there and they have to adjust to just one causes great stress. These kids normally feel that it is their fault. They go to school and their grades drop, they began to feel like a failure. This attitude can easily give a youth , the I dont care attitude. With this attitude, kids began to act out in school. They may start by simple little deviant acts to fighting in school to express their anger. In households with both parent, a child is more prong to listen to one parent more or even favor one more than the other. In this case if that parent who they favor is the one who leaves, that child is deffinately gonna at out in school. Another factor that can arouse from a broken home is that single parent will most likely have to work. This may even be long hours, taking away social time and time for help with home work. This means poor grades and more time to participate in deviant acts. While these deviant acts are occurring children are spending more time watching tv. A study at Columbia University showed kids that watch at least a hour of tv everyday commit robberies and fights. There are a lot of violent shows on television today. Youth are watching these violent shows and thinking that this behavior is excepted in society. The acts that they see on tv are taken to school where they find themselves in trouble. It can be a devastating things for parents not be able monitor their children properly. Child abuse can lead to delinquency in schools. Parents who abuse their children are not only breaking the law but they are damaging their childs future and well being. Child abuse can be anything from striking your kids to neglecting them. Physical child abuse can be hitting, burning, shaking a baby to hard. This is truly something that teaches a child that violence works. Kids are sent to school who are victims of abuse. They are in pain sometimes and dont know where to turn. The are always stressed out and cant take it out on that parent so the act violently towards their peers at school. They often take on the role as being a bully. They began to tease other kids and called them names. The parents who abuse their kids are taking advantage of someone who the perceive as weaker than them. This same principle applied when their kids take on their role towards kids at school. They pry on children who they perceive as weaker than them. This type of behavior labels kids as school bulli es. This type of behavior leads kids in to believing they can go around an violently do what they want to who they want. Becoming a school bully is not only bad for the child who is doing the bullying but it is bad for the victim. This behavior causes the person who is being bullied to retaliate against bullies creating another violent act in our schools. Alcohol and drugs cause a major effect of delinquency in our schools. Drugs do not have a rightful place but definitely not in our schools. Drugs can be any illegal substance not prescribed by a doctor. The main drug of choice for youth is alcohol. Seventy three percent youth say they have tried it at one point of time in their lives. Youth who use alcohol says , it relaxes them and reduces tension. There are many bad sides to alcohol and youth activity. Most youth who drink alcohol are not properly supervised. They normally hang out late at night and miss school on a regular basis. They performance in school falls shorter and shorter. When they drink larger amounts they act the alcohol act as a depressor. Youth whole attitude changes in school , they may even come to school while under the influence. A youth under the influence of alcohol in schools can cause major problems. Another drug that youth like to take is , marijuana. This drug is a green leafy substance known as pot. This drug contains (THC). To much marijuana can be a major effect to youth react in school. This substance is illegal and should not be around schools. This substance can cause youth to act different in school and bring it on school grounds, definitely an act of delinquency. Steroids are another drug found in our schools today . They are used by school athletes to try and bulk up. These drugs cause youth to gain large amount of muscle mass, but it also causes a great risk. This drug can change the way youth act, they may become aggressive. An aggressive youth in our schools can be hard for staff to manage. Crack is a really dangerous drug. Crack is a substance that is cheap and highly addictive. It can be smoked. A youth who comes into contact with this drug is pretty much damaged for life. This drug actually transform youth into a dying person. Youth who come into contact with it will most likely quit school . In the beginning stages they may be able to go to school but they are guaranteed to steal and commit all sorts of crimes to support their habit. Gangs is another reason for delinquency in our schools. There are different type of gangs .There are social gangs in school who will participate in delinquents acts but their main goal is to get drunk and high. These type gangs in our school are still deviant because they are participating illegal act but there are more serious gangs in our schools. The gangs who dont normally worry about getting high but focus on violence. These gangs dont care who they harm. It could be detrimental for youth to get involved with this type of gang. These gangs in school use there power in school to get what they want. They will threaten other students and dare them to tell. These gangs are controlling the schools because it also offers protection. The old saying, if you cant beat um join um applies. Our school system is full of all sorts of acts of delinquency. There are a number of programs design to make our schools better. D.A.R.E is program design to teach kids and let the know about the dangers of drugs. This program has truly been a success. After school programs have been in effect to aid against delinquency in our schools. There are many approached to helping with this problem of delinquency in our schools. Not everyone household is the same, but we all should have the same goal when it comes to making our schools a place for education not a place for delinquent acts. One major problem to the solution is for everyone to take a good look ourselves and find out what we can do to help this situation. Spending time with your kids and finding out how their days are going. By starting this you can start a trend by letting that child know you care about them. Taking time with your kids, walking in the park and playing with your kids shows them that attention. You must disciplin e them when they are in need. Never let your children be the parent. Our youth need that extra attention in the society we live in. It is very important for us to give them that attention because some drug dealer is standing at the schools playground fence or bus stop waiting to show them that attention that leads to school delinquency. It is not only the schools job, law enforcement, after school program but it is all of jobs when it come to dealing with school delinquency. When I focus on correcting my childs action and making sure they are doing what they are suppose to do, then that is one less problem child in our schools. The correcting of our children in our school system creates a safer environment for us all. Larry Siegel Brandon Welsh Juvenile Delinquency Salynn Boyles Health and parenting , http://www.md.com/parenting/news/20100820 Tim Field, Bully at play time revealed Neil Marr, Bullying News Michele Borba, The Facts Of Bullying

Personal Narrative - My Mother, the Hippie Essay -- Personal Narrative

My Mother, the Hippie My mother is a "hippie" in every sense of the word. Therefore, as a young child, I spent a lot of time in the Great Outdoors. There were even some years in which we traveled around living on commune farms. I remember the huge gardens where you could always find my mom, and where I earned my nickname "Beans". I recall the cats and goats that were always roaming around, and I remember falling asleep in rooms stacked to the ceiling with bunkbeds, where all of the kids on the farm slept. So what in the world does this have to do with a reflection of the first day of class? Simply put, it reaffirms the old adage that we become exactly like our parents. When I reached my adolescent years, I hated being outside and going camping with no water or electricity for days--for fun. But now that I am an adult, I find myself becoming exactly like my mother. I enjoy a life of simplicity, and I love being outside--whatever form that may take--be it work or taking a class such as this. Therefore, my single most vivid reflection of this entire first day of class is...